Which outside powers fought the Fatimids in Syria and Palestine?

In their efforts to maintain control over Syria and Palestine, the Fatimid dynasty faced significant military opposition from several outside powers. These external threats included:

• Byzantines: The Byzantine Empire engaged in a long-standing struggle for dominance in the region, frequently clashing with Fatimid forces as they sought to reclaim territory lost to Islamic expansion.12
• Turks: Various Turkish groups, most notably the Seljuq Turks, posed a major challenge to Fatimid authority, eventually capturing key cities like Jerusalem and Damascus.134
• Crusaders: The arrival of European Crusaders in the 11th and 12th centuries introduced a new, formidable enemy that ultimately contributed to the decline and destruction of Fatimid power in the region.134

Additionally, the Fatimids contended with local opponents and the Qarmatians, an extremist Shi'i group that threatened their stability in the area. These persistent conflicts reduced much of the region to a battlefield, complicating Fatimid efforts to consolidate their rule.34