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Which nutrients besides vitamin B12 may require attention in a strictly vegan diet?

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Illustration of a vegan food pyramid divided into four sections: whole grains at the base, followed by vegetables, then fruit, and legumes at the top, with recommended daily servings and images of representative foods in each group. — vegetarianism A vegan food pyramid, which excludes meat and animal products.

In addition to vitamin B12, individuals following a strictly vegan diet may need to pay attention to their intake of several other nutrients to ensure nutritional adequacy. According to research on the health and nutrition of veganism, vegans may be at risk of being deficient in the following nutrients:1

Protein: While proponents argue that modern protein requirements are often inflated, it remains a nutrient that requires consideration in a plant-based diet.1
Iron: This essential mineral is often highlighted as a potential area of concern for those excluding animal products.1
Zinc: Like iron, zinc levels should be monitored in a strictly vegan diet.1
Calcium: This mineral is also noted as a nutrient that may require attention to avoid deficiency.1

Proponents of veganism emphasize that these nutrients can be obtained through a well-planned diet rich in vegetables, legumes, and fruits, as well as through the use of fortified foods and plant-derived supplements.1