Which medieval religious groups held beliefs that resembled theosophy?

In the context of religious philosophy, theosophy is characterized by an emphasis on mystical experience, esoteric doctrine, and a monistic view of reality. While the modern theosophical movement originated in the 19th century, its roots are traced to ancient traditions, and its core tenets—such as the belief in a divine "spark" within humanity and the pursuit of direct contact with spiritual reality—were reflected in various medieval groups.1

During the Middle Ages, two prominent groups of dualist heretics held beliefs that resembled theosophy:

• The Bogomils: A dualist sect that emerged in Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.1
• The Cathari: A dualist movement active in southern France and Italy.1

These groups, like other movements historically associated with theosophical speculation, emphasized a distinction between the material world and a higher spiritual reality, often viewing the human soul as a divine element trapped within the material order, seeking a return to its spiritual origin.1