Which languages were used for Mesopotamian religious literature?

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The primary languages used for Mesopotamian religious literature were Sumerian and Akkadian.12

  • Sumerian: Although it ceased to be a spoken language by the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, Sumerian remained the prestigious "cult idiom" of Mesopotamian religion. It continued to be taught in scribal schools and was used for sacred literature, hymns, and incantations throughout the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE.134
  • Akkadian: As the spoken language of Mesopotamia, Akkadian developed its own extensive religious literary tradition, including myths, epics, penitential psalms, and rituals.1

Because of the high status of Sumerian as a religious and literary language, many religious texts were preserved as bilingual works. In these instances, the original Sumerian text was maintained alongside an interlinear Akkadian translation to facilitate study and use by the priesthood. Additionally, there is evidence of non-Sumerian incantations written in other languages, such as the language of the Subarians.135