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Which introduced diseases caused major population losses among Indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin?

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Map of South America and the Caribbean showing the distribution of Aboriginal cultural groups, with regions color-coded by cultural type including Andean, Central American, tropical forest, and various nomadic cultures such as aquatic nomads, forest hunters and gatherers, and shellfish gatherers. Major group names are labeled across the continent and surrounding islands. — South American forest Indian Distribution of aboriginal South American and circum-Caribbean cultural groups.

Following the European conquest, Indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin experienced catastrophic population losses due to the introduction of several infectious diseases to which they had no prior immunity.12

The primary diseases responsible for these major population declines included:

Smallpox2
Influenza2
Measles2

These illnesses, which were endemic in Eurasia and Africa, devastated native populations that had not previously been exposed to them. The impact of these diseases was compounded by the physical and psychological trauma of slavery and forced labor, particularly during the rubber boom and organized raids known as bandeiras. This combination of factors led to a complete breakdown of traditional native life, forcing many survivors to flee into increasingly remote and inaccessible sections of the Amazon basin.12