Which industries expanded in the southern Netherlands during the 18th century?

During the 18th century, the southern Netherlands (the territory comprising present-day Belgium) experienced an economic recovery that stimulated the expansion of several key industries. This growth was largely driven by an increase in agricultural productivity, which supported a rising population and fostered an environment favorable to industrial capitalism.1

Key industrial developments during this period included:

• Mining: Landed proprietors invested significantly in mining enterprises, particularly in the region between the Sambre and Meuse rivers.1
• Textiles: The production of woolen goods became a major industry, with Verviers serving as a primary center for these manufactures. Additionally, Ghent emerged as a significant hub for the production of cotton goods.1
• Manufacturing: Large-scale factory production began to emerge in cities such as Ghent, Antwerp, and Tournai, where some facilities employed more than 100 workers.1

This industrial expansion was supported by a unique social structure in which urban merchants and manufacturers shared common interests with the rural landowning class, creating a climate conducive to economic development.1