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Which features of Ancient Greek remain in Modern Greek?

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Thematic map of Eurasia showing the approximate geographic distribution of Indo-European language families, each represented by a different color. Areas include Celtic in western Europe, Germanic in northern and central Europe, Romance in southwestern Europe, Slavic in eastern Europe and Russia, and Indo-Iranian languages in South Asia. Non-Indo-European language regions and areas of common bilingualism are also indicated. — Greek language Approximate locations of Indo-European languages in contemporary Eurasia.

Modern Greek retains much of the inflectional apparatus and grammatical structure of Ancient Greek, though it has undergone significant simplification over time.1

Key Features Retained

Noun Morphology: The ancient categorization of nouns into masculine, feminine, and neuter genders survives intact. Nouns continue to be inflected for number (singular and plural) and case (nominative, accusative, and genitive), though the dual number has been lost. Adjectives and articles continue to agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.1
Verb System: The verb remains inflected for mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), aspect (perfective, imperfective), voice (active, passive), tense (present, past), and person. The distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects remains a crucial feature of the language.1
Compound Formation: The language maintains a rich system of compound formation, continuing ancient patterns where a modifying noun may precede its head noun.12
Syntactic Flexibility: Due to its robust inflectional system, Modern Greek retains flexible word order, similar to its ancient predecessor.1

While these core features persist, the language has evolved; for example, the ancient infinitive has been replaced by periphrastic constructions using the particle na with the subjunctive.12