Which factors can increase a person’s risk of developing a substance use disorder?

Developing a substance use disorder, including alcoholism, is a complex process resulting from the interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. No single cause exists; rather, multiple elements influence an individual's vulnerability.123

Key Risk Factors

• Genetics: Heredity plays a significant role, with studies of twins and adoptees confirming that genetic predispositions can make some individuals more vulnerable to alcohol dependence than others. This often involves a combination of many genes, each with small effects, rather than a single gene.3
• Environmental and Social Influences: Peer networks that include heavy drinkers, cultural attitudes toward alcohol, and the easy availability of inexpensive alcohol can increase risk. Occupation—particularly roles with irregular hours or sustained contact with alcohol—is also a factor.3
• Psychiatric Conditions: Coexisting mental health issues, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and antisocial disorder, are associated with increased risk.43
• Developmental Factors: Exposure to alcohol or drugs early in life, including during adolescence, and adverse childhood experiences, such as trauma or abuse, can influence the likelihood of developing a disorder.451
• Usage Patterns: The frequency, dose, and duration of alcohol consumption are critical, as chronic or patterned use can lead to physical dependence and changes in brain function.42