Which factors are linked by research to higher rates of juvenile delinquency?

Research in criminology has identified several factors associated with higher rates of juvenile delinquency. These factors often involve a combination of social, familial, and individual circumstances.12

According to studies utilizing representative samples of youths, higher rates of delinquency are linked to the following:

• Individual Characteristics: Youths who exhibit little empathy or concern for others, those who do not accord moral authority to the law, and those who struggle with impulsivity or have difficulties in school.12
• Social and Peer Influences: Association with delinquent peers and living in neighborhoods with high crime rates or limited social capital.2
• Family Environment: Households where parents fail to communicate with or monitor their children, parents who have committed offenses, or families characterized by violence.23
• Educational Status: Youths who have dropped out of school or perform poorly in the academic environment.23
• Demographic Trends: Statistically, higher rates are observed among boys compared to girls, particularly for serious offenses, and among minority youths regarding major property and violent crimes.23

While some research explores physiological or hormonal variations, these are generally understood to influence delinquency through their impact on learning and social relationships.2