Which external features of a document do diplomatics examine?

In the field of diplomatics, the study of documents involves a detailed examination of both internal and external features to determine their authenticity and provenance. The external features—the physical characteristics of the document—that are examined include:1

• Writing Material: Analysts examine the medium used, such as papyrus, parchment, paper, or wax, noting the specific type of animal hide or manufacturing origin.2
• Writing Medium: The composition and color of the ink are analyzed, including unique historical customs like the use of purple ink or gold lettering.2
• Paleography: The study of handwriting styles, including the formation of letters, the use of specific scripts (such as Carolingian minuscule or Gothic), and the methods of holding the pen, is essential for dating and localization.32
• Abbreviations: The specific types of abbreviations used, such as suspensions or contractions, provide critical evidence regarding the document's date and origin.2
• Validation Methods: The use of seals (made of wax, lead, or gold) and signatures is a primary focus. Diplomatics examines how these were applied, whether they were suspended from or impressed upon the document, and the evolution of these practices over time.2