Which countries adopted versions of Germany’s mixed-member electoral system during the 1990s?

During the 1990s, several countries adopted variants of Germany’s mixed-member electoral system, which combines proportional representation with constituency-based plurality voting. These reforms were often pursued to balance the personal link between representatives and voters with the fairness of proportional outcomes.12

Countries and regions that adopted versions of this hybrid system during that decade include:

• Italy: Following national legislation and referenda between 1993 and 1995, Italy moved to a system where a majority of seats were filled via single-member districts, while the remainder were awarded proportionally.134
• Japan: Adopted a mixed-member system where a portion of seats are apportioned through constituency elections.1
• New Zealand: In 1996, the country replaced its long-standing "first past the post" system with the mixed-member proportional (MMP) method.5
• Eastern European countries: Several nations, including Hungary, Russia, and Ukraine, implemented variants of the German model following the fall of communism.12
• United Kingdom: The British government adopted a hybrid system for its devolved assemblies in Scotland and Wales.1