Which agricultural products became major Malagasy exports under French rule?

Under French colonial rule, Madagascar's exports were primarily focused on agricultural products and raw materials. Initially, the economy relied on the export of rice, cassava (manioc), rubber, raffia, meat, and graphite.12

Between World War I and World War II, the export profile shifted as European-introduced crops were increasingly cultivated by native planters. During this period, coffee, vanilla, cloves, and tobacco became significantly more important to the island's trade, with the vast majority of these goods being exported to France.12