Which European powers supported Skanderbeg's resistance against the Ottoman Empire?

During his resistance against the Ottoman Empire, Skanderbeg received varying degrees of support from several European powers that recognized the strategic importance of his struggle.

The primary entities that provided financial and military aid included:

• Naples: Provided consistent support to Skanderbeg’s forces.12
• The Papacy: The papacy offered backing, and Pope Calixtus III notably appointed Skanderbeg as captain general of the Holy See.12
• Venice: While the relationship was complex, Venice provided support and entered into a formal alliance with Skanderbeg in 1463 to launch an offensive against the Turks.12
• Ragusa: This maritime republic also contributed support to his efforts.2

Skanderbeg’s ability to repel Ottoman invasions for over two decades earned him widespread esteem across the Western world, as his resistance effectively blocked a potential springboard for further expansion into Italy and Europe.12