Which Etruscan kinship words can scholars identify with confidence?

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Scholars can identify several Etruscan language kinship terms with confidence because these words appear frequently in the surviving texts. The identified terms include:

  • ati: mother1
  • clan: son1
  • sec: daughter1
  • puia: wife1

While the language remains largely undeciphered, these specific kinship designations are considered certain by researchers.1