Where was the probable homeland of the Indo-Iranian language group?

The probable original location of the Indo-Iranian languages group was to the north of modern Afghanistan and east of the Caspian Sea. This region encompasses areas that are now part of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan.1

From this ancestral homeland, the group eventually diverged: some Iranian speakers migrated to the south and west, while the Indo-Aryans moved toward the south and east, eventually settling in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent. While this migration scenario is widely accepted based on linguistic evidence, it is important to note that some scholars have proposed alternative theories, including the possibility of an origin within the Indian subcontinent itself, though such views remain subject to significant debate and lack definitive archaeological confirmation.1