Where are Mongolian languages spoken across Asia and Europe?

Mongolian languages are primarily concentrated in east-central Asia, with a significant presence in the region encompassing Mongolia, Buryatiya (Russia), and Inner Mongolia (China).12

Across these regions, the distribution includes:

• Asia: Beyond the core areas of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, Mongolian-speaking groups are found in various parts of China, including the Xinjiang autonomous region, Qinghai, Gansu, and provinces in the Northeast. Additionally, Moghol is spoken in Afghanistan.134
• Europe: The Kalmyk language is the only Mongolian language spoken in Europe. Its speakers are primarily located in Kalmykia, a republic in Russia situated near the Caspian Sea and the Volga River.514

While the central Mongolian languages are divided into eastern and western groups, outlying languages such as Daur, Monguor, Dongxiang, and Bao’an also persist in specific areas of China.51