When did universal male suffrage and women's suffrage expand democracy in the Netherlands?

In the history of the Netherlands, the expansion of the franchise was a gradual process that significantly broadened democracy during the early 20th century.1

• Universal male suffrage was achieved during World War I.1
• Women's suffrage was granted in 1919.1

These developments were part of a broader period of political transformation that included the Pacification of 1917, which helped stabilize the Dutch political system by formalizing the structure of "pillarization"—a system where society was organized into distinct religious and ideological groups.123