When did Sufi tariqas become organized mystic orders?

Sufi tariqas (mystic orders) began to emerge as organized fraternities from the 12th century onward.12

Prior to this period, during the 9th and 10th centuries, the term tariqa referred simply to the individual spiritual path of a mystic. While the foundations for a monastic system were established earlier by figures such as the Persian mystic Abū Saʿīd ibn Abī ol-Kheyr (died 1049), the transition to formal, structured orders occurred as communities of followers began to gather around specific sheikhs (teachers).12

The 12th century marked the establishment of the first major orders, most notably the one gathered around ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī (died 1166). This development was followed by the formation of the Suhrawardiyyah and, throughout the 13th century, a wide variety of other orders in both the East and West, such as the Kubrawiyyah and the Shādhiliyyah. As these orders became organized, they developed specific ritual systems, initiation procedures, and chains of spiritual descent (silsilah) that linked them back to the Prophet Muhammad.21