What political and ethnic tensions led to the Nigerian Civil War?

The Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) was rooted in deep-seated regional, economic, and ethnic tensions that emerged following independence in 1960.12

Primary Drivers of Conflict

• Regional and Ethnic Rivalry: Nigeria was divided into three major geographic regions, each dominated by a specific ethnic group: the Hausa-Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the west, and the Igbo in the east. Political competition was intense, with regional leaders protecting their own interests while fearing domination by others.12
• Political Instability: A controversial 1962–63 census and fraudulent elections in 1965 led to a collapse of order. In January 1966, a military coup resulted in the murder of the prime minister and regional premiers, leading to a military administration that was perceived by many as favoring Igbo interests.12
• Escalation: A July 1966 countercoup by northern officers brought Yakubu Gowon to power. Subsequent ethnic massacres of Igbo people in the north triggered a massive refugee crisis and fueled calls for secession in the east.123

Failure to resolve these constitutional disputes led to the declaration of the Republic of Biafra by Odumegwu Ojukwu in 1967, which the federal government viewed as an act of rebellion.312