What methods did 19th-century reformatories use to train and reform young offenders?

In the 19th century, reformatories were established as an alternative to adult penitentiaries, aiming to rehabilitate young offenders through structured programs rather than retribution. These institutions employed a variety of methods to transform youths into productive citizens:1

• Discipline and Routine: Many reformatories utilized military-style drills, physical exercise, and highly structured daily routines to instill order and discipline.1
• Vocational and Industrial Training: A primary focus was teaching practical skills, including industrial and agricultural training, to prepare offenders for future employment.12
• Moral and Religious Instruction: Institutions emphasized the development of character by teaching values such as temperance, economy, and discretion, alongside religious and moral guidance.12
• The Mark System: Influenced by the work of Alexander Maconochie, some reformatories adopted a system where inmates earned credits or "marks" for good behavior, hard work, and study. These credits were required for release, effectively introducing the use of indeterminate sentences and parole.23
• Individualized Treatment: Reformatories often classified and separated prisoners to provide specialized care, recognizing the importance of addressing the individual needs of youthful offenders.23

While some institutions successfully focused on education and trade skills, others struggled to implement these reforms effectively, sometimes becoming indistinguishable from adult prisons.1