What kinds of patterns appear in the mosaics of the Dome of the Rock?

The mosaics of the Dome of the Rock are notable for their departure from the figurative traditions common in Byzantine art. While the techniques used to create them are similar to those found in Byzantine public buildings and churches, the mosaics specifically exclude any representations of human or animal forms.1

Instead, the decorative program features the following patterns and elements:

• Arabic script: Religious inscriptions in Arabic are prominently featured, including those that run around the octagonal arcade.1
• Vegetal patterns: Intricate plant-based designs are a primary decorative motif.1
• Jewels and crowns: These items are intermixed with the vegetal patterns and script, contributing to the shrine's lavish ornamentation.1

These mosaics, which were executed by specialists likely called from Byzantium, reflect an early stage in the development of a distinct Islamic visual style.12