What kinds of Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, and Uyghur terms entered Mongolian?

The integration of Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, and Uyghur terms into the Mongolian languages was primarily driven by the translation of Buddhistic literature, particularly following the conversion of the Mongols to Buddhism around 1575.1

These borrowings were not limited to technical religious vocabulary; they also encompassed a variety of other categories, including:

• Personal names1
• Astronomical terms1
• Calendrical terms1

Additionally, while religious translation was a major catalyst for these specific linguistic influences, Mongolian has historically been receptive to foreign vocabulary through other channels, such as administrative, political, cultural, and scientific contact with Chinese sources. The Uyghurs also played a foundational role in Mongolian literacy, as the Mongols adopted the Uyghur script—which was itself derived from the Sogdian alphabet—to create their own written language.234