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What features of Homo habilis skulls differ from Australopithecus skulls?
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Homo habilis
Artist's rendering of Homo habilis, which lived from 2 to 1.5 million years ago.
Homo habilis skulls exhibit several key anatomical differences compared to those of Australopithecus, marking the beginning of trends seen in later Homo species.12
- Brain Size: The most significant difference is the braincase volume. H. habilis generally possesses a larger cranial capacity, ranging from approximately 500 to nearly 800 cc, whereas Australopithecus averages about 440 cc.1
- Skull Shape: Unlike the low, flattened skulls of Australopithecus, H. habilis skulls are typically rounded with thinner walls. Additionally, the base of the cranium in H. habilis is shortened from the back of the palate to the rear of the skull, contrasting with the relatively narrow and elongated cranial base found in gracile australopiths.12
- Facial Structure: While some H. habilis specimens retain primitive features like prominent cheekbones, others show a more modern facial structure. Notably, the nasal region in H. habilis often shows more relief than the flat, depressed nasal regions typical of many australopiths.12
- Dentition: While the front teeth of H. habilis are similar in size to those of Australopithecus, their premolar and molar crowns are generally narrower.1