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What evidence suggests that the Etruscans had religious literature?
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Evidence for the existence of Etruscan religious literature is derived from both archaeological discoveries and historical accounts. While no extensive literary works survive, the following findings provide significant insight:
- The Zagreb Mummy Wrapping: This is the most substantial piece of evidence. Originally a book made of linen cloth, it was later cut into strips to wrap a mummy in Egypt. It contains approximately 1,300 words, including a calendar and specific instructions for sacrifice, which serve as a primary example of their religious texts.12
- Epigraphic Records: Other important religious texts have been recovered from various sites, such as a tile found at Capua and a bronze model of a sheep’s liver found near Piacenza. The latter, inscribed with the names of deities, represents the Etruscan microcosm used for instruction in divination.123
- Historical Testimony: Ancient writers documented that the Etruscans possessed a comprehensive collection of rules regulating their rites, often referred to as the Etrusca disciplina. This lore was believed to have been revealed by the prophet Tages. Furthermore, the language continued to be studied by priests for religious purposes well into late antiquity, with records indicating that Etruscan priests were summoned as late as 410 CE to perform rituals.432