What does it mean when a cardinal is appointed in pectore?

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Vatican City: St. Peter's Basilica — papacy St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.

When a pope appoints a cardinal in pectore—a Latin phrase meaning "in the breast"—it signifies that the appointment has been made without the individual's name being publicly declared.1

Because the identity of the cardinal remains secret, they do not assume any of the rights or duties associated with the office until the pope chooses to reveal their name. This practice allows the pontiff to honor an individual or secure their status within the Sacred College of Cardinals while protecting them from potential political or religious persecution in their home country or other sensitive circumstances.1