Siri

Siri, digital assistant included within Apple devices’ operating system. Siri was introduced with the iPhone 4S in October 2011; it was the first widely available virtual assistant available on a major tech company’s smartphone. Siri was named after the shortened version of the Norwegian name Sigrid by co-creator, Dag Kittlaus.

Siri can perform a variety of tasks, including but not limited to the following:

• searching the Internet and answering basic questions
• performing mathematical calculations
• playing music from various media applications
• initiating phone and FaceTime calls
• drafting and sending messages
• creating calendar events, reminders, and alarms
• changing software settings and preferences
• coordinating payments through Apple Pay
• providing navigation and directions
• translating languages

However, Siri is not available in all countries or languages, and its capabilities may be restricted even when accessible. For instance, Siri cannot understand some stronger accents, and, when it was first released, it did not offer users the option to search for businesses outside of the United States. Improvements have been made, however, and Siri’s engineers have trained the software on datasets involving speakers with various accents.

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History

Siri is the result of the combined efforts of several organizations to build a virtual assistant. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the research arm of the U.S. Department of Defense, funded the Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes (CALO) Project in 2003. The nonprofit research organization Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International led the project, using speech recognition technology provided by the software company Nuance Communications. This technology aimed to use speech and natural language processing to perform basic business functions, such as booking a meeting room.

In 2007 SRI researchers Kittlaus, Tom Gruber, and Adam Cheyer created their own start-up called Siri to commercialize the tech that they had created. Siri was first released as an app on Apple’s App Store in February 2010 but was soon acquired by Apple, reportedly for more than $200 million. In October 2011 Apple debuted the beta version of Siri with the iPhone 4S.

Siri originally came with three English accents: American, British, and Australian. Although Apple never confirmed their identities, the three vocal artists spoke about their roles in the following years. Susan Bennett, who voiced Siri’s American accent, said she recorded her vocal lines in 2005 with ScanSoft, a company that later merged with Nuance Communications. She and the other voice actors were never told that they would become Siri’s voice, and Bennett discovered the news with the debut of the iPhone 4S in 2011. Karen Jacobsen, Siri’s original Australian accent, and Jon Briggs, Siri’s British counterpart and first male voice, confirmed their identities as well.

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Apple continued to develop and improve Siri over the next decade. The iOS 8 update in 2014 allowed users to “wake” Siri on their iPhone by simply saying “hey, Siri,” to their smartphone. Two years later, with the release of iOS 10, Apple allowed Siri to access and be compatible with third-party apps. Additionally, Siri’s default female voice (Bennett’s voice) was replaced by a model created using deep learning technology. All voice models moving forward—including “Quinn,” a nickname for Siri’s first gender-neutral voice, introduced in February 2022—used technology to create more natural and expressive sounds.

Siri received major changes when iOS 11 was released in 2017. Siri gained the ability to translate English words into multiple other languages and, in a following version of iOS 11 released in 2018, to read news aloud. Despite such advancements, Siri is not available in all languages, and only a subset of languages support the text-to-speech voice feature, which allows Siri to read written text aloud.

Mechanisms

Siri uses speech synthesis, or the artificial production of human speech, to communicate with users. Siri’s specialized speech recognizer runs continuously in the background, using a deep neural network to decipher speech and listen for the phrase “hey Siri.” If the phrase is recognized, Siri activates. Users can also activate Siri manually by pressing and holding the power button on an iPhone following the iPhone 8 generation (older iPhones used the “home” button).

Aside from speech recognition, the bulk of Siri’s actions take place in the cloud or over the Internet. Audio from a user’s question or command is converted to text before it is sent to Apple servers. Siri then uses natural language processing to “understand” the request, after which it attempts to carry out the command. Starting with Apple’s iOS 15, Siri began to work without an Internet connection, using on-device data to complete tasks. Apple has implied that iOS 18 will feature new artificial intelligence (AI) features that may enable Siri to summarize user notifications.

Privacy concerns

A continuously running speech recognizer, while enabling users to activate Siri hands-free, allows Apple constant access to conversations and everyday audio. In 2019 a former Apple contractor revealed that the company regularly recorded and stored audio to evaluate the software’s responses. Apple publicly apologized and added an option for users to opt out of the feature, which would then prevent Siri from sending their data to Apple servers.