How were flags carried by armies in ancient India?

In ancient India, flags were integral to military operations and were primarily carried on chariots and elephants. These flags were considered highly significant, serving as the first object of attack during battle; their fall often signaled confusion or defeat for the army.1

The flags themselves were frequently triangular in shape and featured vibrant colors, such as scarlet or green, often decorated with gold fringes and figures embroidered in gold. Some flagstaffs were topped with figures that mirrored the designs displayed on the flags, a practice that may have evolved from ancient traditions of using solid objects like metal animals atop poles. Beyond their role as symbols of leadership and military presence, flags were also utilized for signaling purposes.1