How were coats of arms granted in England before and after the creation of the College of Arms?

In the early history of heraldry, which emerged in the 12th century, there was no centralized authority for the creation of coats of arms. During this period, individuals typically assumed arms for themselves without official oversight. While some early nobles sought permission from their liege lords—a practice that functioned as a form of grant—many arms were self-chosen, leading to instances where unrelated individuals used identical designs.1

As the government of England became more centralized, the process shifted toward royal control. For approximately 50 years prior to the formal establishment of the College of Arms, heralds began issuing grants of arms on behalf of the sovereign.1

Following the chartering of the College of Arms in 1484, the institution became the official body responsible for investigating, recording, and advising on armorial bearings. The authority of the heralds was further solidified through "heraldic visitations," which took place from 1530 to 1686. During these official commissions, heralds traveled throughout England and Wales to inspect the arms in use, ensuring they were properly recorded and authorized.21