How were caribou and moose hides turned into clothing?

Among American Subarctic peoples, the process of turning caribou and moose hides into clothing involved sophisticated chemical treatments. Specifically, these groups utilized animal brains or human urine to tan the skins, effectively converting the raw hides into usable leather.1

Once the hides were properly tanned, they were fashioned into garments using bone needles and animal sinew as thread. This traditional method of production was essential for creating the durable, functional clothing required to survive the region's cool climate and boreal forest environment.12