How were Neanderthals physically adapted to cold European climates?

Neanderthals were a cold-adapted population whose physical morphology provided significant protection against cold stress. Their body proportions were characterized by a broad chest and relatively short lower limb extremities compared to their upper arms and legs, a build that helped minimize heat loss and protect their extremities from damage in harsh environments.1

Furthermore, Neanderthals possessed massive, heavily muscled limbs, which supported their survival in some of the most unforgiving climates of the Pleistocene Epoch. Some researchers also suggest that their distinct dental features, specifically voluminous pulp cavities known as taurodontism, may have served as an adaptation to cold temperatures, though this could also be a result of genetic isolation. Their ability to thrive during the last glaciation stands as a testament to their successful biological and cultural adaptation.12