How was Madagascar politically organized before the 16th century?

Before the 16th century, Madagascar remained politically fragmented, with no evidence of large states or empires. While the island was populated by internal migration, most ethnic groups had not yet developed a sense of national consciousness.1

Political organization was characterized by:

• Small Local States: Small, independent states existed primarily along the coast, often centered near river mouths.1
• Decentralized Authority: Rulers were independent of one another, and political power varied by region; in some areas, rulers held absolute authority, while in others, elders and priests exerted significant influence.1
• Limited Conflict: Alliances and wars were typically short-lived, focused on limited economic objectives, and rarely resulted in border changes.1
• Afro-Arab Influence: In the north, coastal towns participated in an Indian Ocean commercial network, exhibiting architectural similarities to other regional trading hubs like Kilwa.1

By the early 16th century, new political ideas began to spread, eventually leading to the formation of more structured states and dynasties later in the century.21