How is moderate coffee consumption linked to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?

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Paper bags filled with roasted coffee beans, ground coffee, and instant coffee granules arranged closely together. — coffee Roasted coffee beans, ground coffee, and instant coffee in paper bags.

Moderate coffee consumption, typically defined as three or four cups per day, is associated with a reduced risk of both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.1

While earlier 20th-century studies once suggested potential health risks, modern research indicates that moderate intake is generally linked to positive health outcomes, including a longer life span. It is important to note that excessive consumption should be avoided, as it may lead to adverse effects such as sleep disturbances, anxiety, and heartburn.1