How is international law enforced?

International law is enforced through a combination of mechanisms, as there is no single global authority. States are the primary subjects of international law and are responsible for upholding their obligations. Enforcement often relies on the principle of reciprocity and enlightened self-interest, where states generally adhere to rules to maintain credibility and avoid negative repercussions in future dealings.12

When states violate international law, consequences can include:
* Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: Methods like direct negotiations, mediation, and conciliation are employed. International organizations such as the United Nations and regional bodies also play a role, with the UN Security Council able to authorize economic sanctions or military force in specific circumstances.3
* Judicial Settlement: Binding decisions can be made by international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ).3
* Reparation: States found responsible for illegal acts must make full reparation, which can include restitution, compensation, or satisfaction.1
* Police Action: In cases of aggression or threats to international peace, the UN may authorize military action, termed "police action," to curb these threats.4
* International Criminal Law: For severe international crimes like genocide or war crimes, international tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) can prosecute individuals.56

Treaties, custom, and general principles form the basis of international law, and their enforcement is a complex, decentralized process.78