How far did the Indus civilization extend across South Asia?

The Indus civilization was the most extensive of the three earliest civilizations of the ancient world, covering an area of nearly 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square km). Its reach extended far beyond the Indus River valley, with settlements identified across a vast region of South Asia.12

The geographical boundaries of the civilization included:

• West: It reached as far as Sutkagen Dor in southwestern Balochistan, Pakistan, near the Arabian Sea.12
• East: It extended to the Yamuna (Jumna) River basin, with sites found as far as Alamgirpur, north of Delhi.312
• North: Settlements reached the foot of the Shimla Hills at Ropar in eastern Punjab.1
• South: The civilization expanded down the west coast of India to the Gulf of Khambhat and across the Kathiawar Peninsula.12

This vast network included two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, along with hundreds of towns and trading posts.12