How does urbanization sometimes contribute to language shift among Nilo-Saharan speakers?

Modern urbanization acts as a catalyst for language shift among Nilo-Saharan speakers by creating environments where diverse linguistic groups must interact. In these settings, speakers often adopt a more dominant or prestigious lingua franca for daily communication, which can lead to the gradual decline in the use and competence of their ancestral Nilo-Saharan languages.1

This process is often accelerated by increased daily contact with speakers of official or socially dominant languages, such as Arabic. As these languages become the primary medium for education and public life, the domains in which Nilo-Saharan languages are used shrink, potentially rendering them obsolete over time. While many Nilo-Saharan languages continue to thrive as vital means of expression, this urban-driven pressure remains a significant factor in the linguistic landscape of the region.1