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How does the marking of definite and indefinite objects work in Alaskan Yupik?

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In Alaskan Yupik, the distinction between definite and indefinite objects is marked through case usage and verbal agreement:1

  • Indefinite Objects: These are marked using an adverbial case, such as the singular suffix -mek. In this construction, the subject is in the absolutive case (similar to a nominative), and the verb does not carry a suffix referring to the object. For example: arnaq neq-mek ner’uq ("the woman is eating (a) fish").1
  • Definite Objects: These are marked by placing the object in the absolutive case. In this construction, the subject is placed in the relative case (which also functions as a genitive), and the verb includes a suffix that refers to both the subject and the object. For example: arna-m neqa nera-a ("the woman is eating the fish"), where nera-a indicates "she is eating it".1