How does the distribution of power shape the choices available to states according to neorealism?

According to neorealism, the international system is characterized by anarchy—the absence of a central authority—which forces states to act as unitary, rational, and self-interested actors in a "self-help" environment. In this framework, the distribution of power across the system is the primary factor that shapes the choices and behaviors of states.123

Because states must prioritize their own survival and security, the structural arrangement of power—specifically the system's polarity (whether it is unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar)—imposes significant constraints on their foreign-policy options. Neorealists argue that:134

• Systemic Constraints: The structure of the international system limits the range of actions available to states, as they are conditioned by the logic of the system to adopt similar patterns of behavior to ensure their survival.14
• Influence of Polarity: The distribution of power dictates the stability of the system. For instance, Kenneth Waltz argued that a bipolar system is the most stable arrangement, whereas other configurations may create different pressures and incentives for conflict or cooperation.134
• Institutional Reflection: International institutions are viewed as reflections of the existing power structure; they are dominated by leading powers and must adapt when the underlying distribution of power shifts.4