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How does the International Court of Justice settle disputes between states?

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Taking prisoners — diplomacy A larger-than-life Ramses II towering over his prisoners and clutching them by the hair. Limestone bas-relief from Memphis, Egypt, 1290–24 bce; in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, settles legal disputes between sovereign states through contentious proceedings.12

Jurisdiction and Consent

The court cannot hear a case unless the involved states have consented to its jurisdiction. This consent is typically established through:1
* Special Agreement: A direct agreement (compromis) between the parties to submit a specific dispute to the court.2
* Treaties and Conventions: Agreements that confer jurisdiction over matters related to the treaty.12
* Optional Clause: A declaration made in advance by a state accepting the court's compulsory jurisdiction over certain categories of disputes.12

The Resolution Process

Once a case is initiated, the court reviews written and oral arguments, may hear witnesses, and can appoint experts to investigate. Disputes are resolved by the court delivering a final, binding verdict based on international law, including conventions, customs, and general legal principles. Parties may also settle the dispute themselves or discontinue proceedings at any time.12

While the ICJ lacks direct enforcement powers, its judgments are final and without appeal. If a party fails to comply, the other may seek recourse through the UN Security Council, which may recommend or decide on measures to give effect to the judgment.1