How does nationalism differ from patriotism?

While often used interchangeably, nationalism and patriotism are distinct concepts with different origins and implications.12

Key Differences

• Origins and Focus: Patriotism, rooted in Greek and Roman antiquity, is a feeling of attachment and commitment to a country or political community, often centered on the common good, law, and civic duty. Nationalism is a more modern 18th-century ideology that emphasizes loyalty to the nation-state, often prioritizing the nation’s culture and interests above all else.123
• Nature of Attachment: Patriotism is generally viewed as a unifying force that fosters solidarity within a democratic society. In contrast, nationalism can be divisive, as it often emphasizes cultural distinctiveness and superiority, which can lead to conflict and chauvinism.12
• Political Context: Patriotism is frequently associated with political virtues and the preservation of liberty. Nationalism tends to be linked to specific political movements and the desire for national independence or dominance.1234

Critics argue that nationalism’s exclusionary nature is incompatible with the recognition of equal moral worth among all humans, whereas modern approaches to patriotism seek to reconcile national loyalty with universal human rights.12