How does modernization contribute to secularization?

Modernization contributes to secularization by fostering a process of rationalization that systematically challenges traditional religious institutions, beliefs, and practices. As societies modernize, they increasingly adopt a scientific worldview, which Max Weber described as the "disenchantment of the world". This shift replaces supernatural explanations for natural and social phenomena with interpretations based on the scientific method and empirical laws.1

While modernization does not necessarily eliminate religion—which often persists as an individualized activity or through new forms of revivalism—it diminishes religion's role as a central organizing principle for society. Instead, modern life is increasingly governed by rationalization, characterized by bureaucracy, formal procedures, and impersonal administration.1

Some scholars, such as Charles Taylor, argue that this process is better understood as a "destabilization and recomposition" of belief rather than a simple disappearance of religion, where secular and religious perspectives exist in an ongoing, complex dialogue. Ultimately, modernization shifts the focus of society toward scientific expertise and rational calculation, altering the cultural landscape in which religious faith is practiced.21