How does critical theory connect scientific knowledge with social domination and emancipation?

In the philosophy of social science, critical theory posits that scientific knowledge is not neutral; it has historically functioned as an instrument of social control and oppression.1

Critical theorists argue that traditional social science often adopts a conformist orientation, describing existing institutions as objective or natural, which indirectly legitimates repressive social practices. By contrast, critical theory seeks to expose these false claims to legitimacy by analyzing the historical and social contexts in which institutions function.2

The connection between knowledge and emancipation is forged through ideology critique. Because individuals may be governed by ideologies that mask their reality or manifest as irrationality, social scientists must assess the accuracy of these self-understandings. By identifying how such misunderstandings arise and function, critical theory aims to help people overcome the social structures that dominate them. Ultimately, critical theory maintains that scientific knowledge should not be pursued as an end in itself, but must be directed toward the goal of human emancipation.31