How does constructivism explain the formation of states and international institutions?

Constructivism posits that the international system is not an objective, fixed reality but is instead socially constructed through human interaction. From this perspective, states and international institutions are not merely products of material power or biological necessity; rather, they are shaped by an "intersubjective consensus" of shared beliefs, values, and practices.1

The Social Construction of States and Institutions

Constructivists argue that the identity of a state—and consequently its behavior—is determined by the social context in which it exists. Because institutions, including the state itself, reflect collective understandings of acceptable political behavior, they are continuously reinforced or transformed by the members within them.1

While traditional theories might view statehood as a matter of raw power or legal recognition of factual criteria, constructivism emphasizes that the very concept of a "state" is a social construct. This means that the reality of international politics, including decisions regarding conflict, cooperation, and the legitimacy of institutions, is created through the ongoing practices and shared values of the global community. By changing these underlying beliefs and social norms, the nature of international institutions and the roles states play within them can evolve over time.1