How does a retention ballot work for a judge?

A retention ballot is a method of judicial selection used to maintain a balance between democratic accountability and judicial independence. It is a key component of the Missouri Plan, a system designed to minimize partisan influence by using a nominating commission to screen and recommend qualified candidates for judicial office.12

Under this system, a judge is initially appointed to a limited probationary term. Once that term concludes, the judge stands for a retention election to secure a longer term in office. Unlike traditional political contests, the judge does not run against an opponent. Instead, the judge is evaluated solely on their own record.12

The ballot typically presents a simple question, such as "Shall Judge X be retained?" Voters then decide whether the judge should remain in their position. In practice, this process rarely results in the removal of a judge from office.12