How does a person process information from a machine display before acting?

In human-factors engineering, the process by which a person interacts with a machine display involves a sequence of cognitive activities often referred to as information processing.1

When an operator encounters a machine display—such as a dial, a flashing light, or a digital readout—the process typically follows these steps:

• Sensing: The operator first perceives the signal, which provides information regarding the machine's current condition or functioning.1
• Interpretation and Decision-Making: After sensing the display, the operator interprets the data. This stage involves higher mental functions, including recalling past experiences, comparing current perceptions with those memories, coordinating strategies, and extrapolating information to solve novel problems.1
• Action: Once a decision is reached, the operator performs a physical action using a control, such as a lever, pedal, or switch. This action influences the machine's output, which in turn alters the display, creating a continuous feedback loop.1

While bioengineering focuses on applying engineering to biological systems, human-factors engineering specifically optimizes this human-machine relationship by accounting for human perceptual, cognitive, and physical capabilities.23