How does a head of government differ from a head of state?

In political science, the roles of head of state and head of government are distinct, though they are sometimes held by the same person depending on the political system.1

The head of state serves as the highest representative of a sovereign nation. Their primary role is symbolic, representing the unity and integrity of the state both domestically and internationally. Depending on the system, this role may be largely ceremonial—as with a monarch in a constitutional monarchy—or it may carry significant constitutional authority, such as the power to direct armed forces or make treaties.12

The head of government acts as the chief executive, exercising practical political power. They are responsible for the day-to-day administration of the state, including appointing government officials, setting foreign policy, and managing the legislature.2

In some systems, such as the United States, one individual holds both titles. In others, like the United Kingdom or India, the roles are separated to insulate the head of state from the daily conflicts of partisan politics.12