How does a caricaturist make a human face resemble an animal?

A caricaturist creates a resemblance between a human face and an animal by identifying salient features of the subject and substituting them with corresponding characteristics of animals or birds. This process often involves seizing upon a specific, recognizable trait—such as a nose, chin, or brow—and exaggerating it to emphasize an analogy between the human subject and an animal.1

Beyond direct substitution, caricaturists may also draw analogies to animal actions or behaviors to evoke a humorous comparison. This technique relies on the artist's ability to perceive and highlight structural or behavioral similarities, effectively using the human face as a point of departure to create a comic or grotesque imitation. By emphasizing these relevant features while omitting others, the artist achieves a synthesis that bridges the gap between human and animal forms, a practice that has been used to mock human failings or characteristics throughout history.123