How does a caricature differ from a realistic portrait?

The primary difference between a caricature and a realistic portrait lies in their intent and execution regarding the subject's features.

A realistic portrait strives for realism, focusing on the exact rendition of detail, surface characteristics, and spatial accuracy to capture a likeness. Whether through precise pencil work, chalk, or painting, the goal is to document the subject with fidelity and often to explore psychological depth or personal character through a balanced, accurate representation.1

In contrast, a caricature is a comically distorted drawing or likeness intended to satirize or ridicule its subject. Its defining characteristics include:23

• Exaggeration: The artist seizes upon a salient feature—such as a nose, chin, or brow—and magnifies it to create a humorous effect.34
• Distortion: It may substitute animal, bird, or vegetable features for human parts or draw analogies to animal actions to mock the subject.3
• Purpose: While a portrait aims for aesthetic or documentary value, a caricature is typically meant for amusement or social commentary, providing a harmless outlet for malice or wit.24

While both forms rely on identifying the "character" of a subject, the portrait seeks to preserve it, whereas the caricature seeks to exploit it for comic effect.34