How does Turkic sentence structure use participles and verbal nouns?

In Turkic languages, sentence structure relies heavily on verbal nouns and participles to form subordinate clauses, as these languages lack native subordinative conjunctions and relative pronouns.12

Verbal Nouns

Verbal nouns are used to create clauses that function similarly to English that-clauses. These forms take plural, case, and possessive suffixes to integrate into the sentence structure. For example, the Uzbek sentence bålning kelgänini bilämän translates to "I know that the child has come," literally structured as "child-of having-come-his know-I".1

Participles

Participles function as verbal adjectives to form clauses that correspond to English relative clauses. They modify a noun by describing an action associated with it. For instance, the Uzbek phrase kelgän båla means "the child that has come," literally "having-come child". Similarly, in Turkish, otelde kalan dostumuz translates to "our friend who is staying in the hotel," literally "hotel-in staying friend-our".13

These constructions allow Turkic languages to build complex, nested sentences where objects and adjuncts precede the elements they determine.1