How do voicing nasality aspiration and ejection create different click sounds?

In the Khoisan languages, click sounds are produced using a velaric airstream mechanism, which involves using the tongue to create suction within the mouth. While the basic click is defined by the placement of the tongue and the manner of air release, these languages create a vast array of complex sounds by combining these basic clicks with accompanying articulations, including voicing, nasality, aspiration, and ejection.123

These secondary articulations modify the basic click in the following ways:

• Voicing: Involves the vibration of the vocal cords during the production of the sound.2
• Nasality: Refers to the position of the velum (soft palate), which allows air to escape through the nose rather than just the mouth.2
• Aspiration: Involves a burst of breath following the release of the click.3
• Ejection: Utilizes a glottalic airstream mechanism, where the closed glottis is moved upward to create pressure.23

By layering these features onto the basic click, languages like !Xóõ can generate highly complex consonant systems.3