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How do sensors in the Internet of Things collect and transmit data?

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In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), sensors function by measuring various physical conditions—such as temperature, motion, moisture, light, or vibration—and converting these observations into data.1

These sensors often reside within "physical-first" devices, which are objects equipped with microchips or communication capabilities to make them traceable and functional within a network. Once data is collected, it is transmitted using established standards like Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol.2

The transmission process typically involves the following steps:
* Connectivity: Devices communicate via wired or wireless networks, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, LTE, radio frequency identification, and near field communication (NFC).2
* Gateway Processing: IoT devices often connect to IoT gateways or edge devices that aggregate the collected data.2
* Cloud Integration: This data is then fed to cloud computing environments, where it is stored and processed to provide actionable insights or remote control capabilities.21

Would you like to know more about how specific industries, such as agriculture or logistics, utilize these sensor networks?